Mu bikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwa none, cane cane mu bijanye n’imiduga, ivy’indege, n’ivy’ubuhinga bwa none, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintugusudira amabarani inzira y’ugufatanya idakenewe. Ubwiza bw’ivyo bikoresho ni ngirakamaro kugira ngo ibintu bibe vyiza kandi bikomeze, kandi mu mutima w’ubwo buryo ni ukuntu ivyuma bishobora kwinjira mu mubiri. Iyi metric-uburebure aho "nugget" ishonze yinjira mu bikoresho vy'ishimikiro{3}}ni co kimenyetso kimwe rudende gihambaye cane c'inkomezi z'urugingo.
Uruganda rwacu n'ibikoresho
None, woshobora gute gupima neza kandi neza ico kintu gihambaye? Iyi nkuru itanga urutonde rw'ubuhinga nyamukuru, kuva ku gusuzuma vyihuta mu maduka-hasi gushika ku gusuzuma neza mu laboratwari. Ivyo bifatanijwe n’ingingo mfatirwako z’ingenzi z’inganda be n’impanuro ngirakamaro, bizokugirira akamaro mu kwubaka uburyo bukomeye kandi bwo kwizigirwa bwo kugenzura uburyo bw’ibikorwa vyawe vyo gusudira.
Igerageza ridashobora gusenyura (NDT) - Igerageza ry'ubwenge ritagira ico rikoze ku gice
Inyungu nyamukuru y’Igerageza Ridasenyura (NDT) ni ubushobozi bwaryo bwo gusuzuma uburyo bwo gusudira ata gusenyura igice. Ivyo bituma ari vyiza cane mu gukurikirana ibikorwa no kugenzura uburyo mu guhingura ibintu vyinshi, bikaba bikora nk’ibuye ry’imfuruka ry’uguhingura ibintu vy’ubuhinga bwa none, bitazimvye.
Igerageza ry'amajwi (UT): "Igihe nyaco-Sthethoscope" y'umurongo w'ibikorwa
- Uko bikora:Ubu buhinga bukoresha igikoresho co guhindura ijwi kugira ngo burungike imipfunda y’ijwi y’incuro nyinshi-ciye mu nzira y’ugusudira. Iyo izo mipfunda zihuye n’urubibi-nk’urubibi rw’igice c’ivyuma, umuvuduko wo mu mutima, canke ubusa-zisubira inyuma. Mu gusuzuma igihe n’uburemere bw’izo nkuru, iyo nzira irashobora kubara neza uburebure bw’ico gice be n’ingene cinjira, akenshi bikaba bituma umuntu abona neza ikarata y’aho igice giteye.
- Inyungu nyamukuru:UT iranyaruka cane (mu bisanzwe iri munsi y’isegonda rimwe ku bijanye n’ugusudira) kandi irabereye cane mu gukoresha ubuhinga bwo kwikoresha, bikaba biyigira ubuhinga buhambaye bwo gusuzuma 100% mu -umurongo. Dushingiye ku makuru y’inganda, ubuhinga buteye imbere bwo gupima amajwi n’amajwi (PAUT) burashobora gushika ku rugero rwo kumenya utunenge two mu mutima turengeye 0,5 mm turenga 98%.
- Impanuro ngirakamaro:
- Gupima ni ngombwa cane:Guhora upima ibikoresho vya UT ukoresheje ibipande vy’ishingiro bifise ingero n’amakosa bizwi kugira ngo umenye neza ko ingero zawe zitagira aho zigarukira.
- Amahugurwa y'abakoresha:Naho bikoreshwa cane, ababikoresha baracari basaba inyigisho z’umwuga kugira ngo bashobore gusobanura neza amakuru y’amajwi asobanutse, cane cane iyo bakorana n’ibikoresho bitandukanye canke ibirundo vy’ibice vyinshi-.
- Ugufatanya ni urufunguzo:Gukoresha neza igikoresho co gufatanya (nk’amazi, gel) ni ngombwa kugira ngo imipfunda y’ijwi igere neza mu gikoresho.
Igerageza ry'Imishwarara (RT): "Iyerekwa ry'Imishwarara ya X-" ku Mibumbe y'Imbere
- Uko bikora:Cokimwe n’imishwarara ya X-y’ubuvuzi, ubu buryo bukoresha imishwarara ya X- canke imishwarara ya gamma kugira ngo inyure mu karere kashizwemwo amabuye, igatuma habaho ishusho ku gikoresho co gutahura ibintu canke kuri filime. Kubera ko igipande c’ivyuma, imivyimba be n’ibinogo bifise uburemere butandukanye, bisa n’ibitutu bitandukanye vy’umweru, bikaba vyerekana neza ingene imbere muri vyo biteye.
- Inyungu nyamukuru:RT itanga inyandiko idasanzwe y’imbere mu gitereko, bikaba bituma ikora neza cane mu kumenya utunenge tw’uburemere nk’uburemere bw’amazi n’ibintu birimwo. Ni uburyo bwo gusuzuma butegekanijwe mu bikorwa vy'umutekano-bihambaye nk'ivy'indege n'inguvu z'imishwarara.
- Imipaka:Ivyo bikoresho birazimvye kugura no gukoresha, inzinguzingu zo kugerageza zigenda buhoro, kandi bisaba abakozi bafise impapuro z’umutsindo bakora ahantu hari ingabo, hagenzurwa n’imishwarara-. Ku bw’ivyo, ntibishoboka gusuzuma umurongo w’ibikorwa ku rugero runini-.
Igerageza ry'ugusambura - "Ikigereranyo c'inzahabu" c'ukuri gushitse
Naho bisaba gutanga igice, ukugerageza gusenyura ni co kigereranyo nyamukuru c’uburyo bwose bwo kugenzura uburyo. Ni uburyo nyabwo bwo kwemeza uburyo bushasha, gupima ibikoresho vya NDT, no gukemura amatati yerekeye uburyo.
Isesengura ry'ivyuma: "Urubanza rwa nyuma" mu Laboratwari
- Inzira:Ubu ni bwo buryo bwa kera bwo kuronka amakuru y’ukwinjira mu mubiri abereye cane.
- Ugutegura akarorero:Igipande c’umusaraba-kiratwa kuva ku gicapo c’ibara ry’agahama, kigashirwa mu gitereko, hanyuma kigashirwa mu ntambwe zitandukanye zo gusya no gusukura gushika kigeze ku mpera imeze nk’indorerwamo-.
- Gucapura imiti:Ico gice gisukuye gikoreshwa umuti w’imiti udakomeye (nk’umuti wa Nital ku vyuma). Ivyo bitera imiterere mitoyi y’ico gice c’umubiri gifatanye be n’ibintu vy’umuvyeyi bitafatanye ku rugero rutandukanye, bikaba bigaragaza neza urubibi rw’ico gice c’umubiri.
- Ingero za Mikorosikopi:Mu gikoresho citwa microscope c’ivyuma gifise porogarama yo gupima, umuhinga mu vy’ugupima arashobora gupima neza na neza umurongo w’igice c’umubiri, ukuntu urupapuro rwinjiye, kandi ikiruta vyose, .kwinjira kw'ibipande vy'amabuye y'agaciro.
- Agaciro nyamukuru:Isesengura ry'ivyuma ni "ikigereranyo c'inzahabu" co gusobanura no gupima ukwinjira kw'ivyuma. Amakuru ava mu bikoresho vyose vya NDT, nk’ivy’amajwi, ategerezwa gusubira guhuzwa n’ibivuye mu vy’ivyuma kugira ngo hasuzumwe ko ari ukuri.
Igerageza ry'inkomezi z'ubuhinga: "Igerageza ry'inkomezi" ryoroshe, rigororotse.
- Inzira:Ivyo birimwo gukoresha inguvu ku gipfukisho kugira ngo usuzume ata guca ku ruhande ubushobozi bwaco bwo kwikorera umuzigo-. Uburyo busanzwe ni ubw’igerageza ry’ugucagura ry’ibirenge-n’igerageza ry’ugucapura ry’umusaraba-ugushikama (canke ry’ugucapura).
- Gusobanura Ivyavuyemwo:Uburyo bwo kunanirwa ni co kintu nyamukuru co gutwara. Iyo iyo nkoko ikuye "ubuto" bw'ibintu muri imwe mu mpapuro z'ishimikiro (izwi nk'ugukwega ubuto), ni ikimenyamenya gitomoye c'uko iyo nkoko yari nini kandi ikomeye bihagije. Ku rundi ruhande, iyo iyo nkuru ivunitse ku nzira iri hagati y’ibipande (interfacial fracture), vyerekana ko hariho ubugoyagoye bugoyagoya, hafi ata gukeka ko biterwa n’ubunini bw’ibipande bidahagije be n’ukuntu bishobora kwinjira.
- Ubufatanye bw'amakuru:Ubwo bwoko bw’ikigeragezo buratanga isano ry’umubiri ry’ukuri hagati y’ugushika kw’ivyuma n’inkomezi z’ingingo. Nk’akarorero, vyemerwa cane mu nganda ko umurongo w’igiti c’umukara w’ibice 4√t (aho ‘t’ ari uburebure bw’urupapuro rumwe) usabwa kugira ngo umuntu ashike ku nkomezi zo gucapura yipfuzwa.
Mu -Igenzura ry'imigenderanire - "Ubuhinga bwo kugabisha mbere y'igihe"
Abasudira b'ubu "bw'ubwenge" bagenda barushiriza kugira uburyo bwo kugenzura ibikorwa. Mu gusuzuma ibimenyetso vy’umubiri mu kiringo c’amamilisegonda y’ingendo y’ugusudira, izo nzira zishobora gutahura ukuntu igice c’umubiri cakozwe mu gihe nyaco-, bikaba bishoboza kugenzura uburyo.
Gukurikirana ubushobozi bwo kurwanya
- Uko bikora:Mu gihe c’ugusudira, ubushobozi bw’umuyagankuba bw’aho ugusudira bukurikira umurongo w’inguvu ushobora gutegekanirwa. Mu kugenzura uburyo, isonga, n'urugero rw'ihinduka ry'iyi "sinyatire y'ubudahangarwa bw'inguvu," birashoboka guca urubanza mu buryo butaziguye nimba iyo nkoko iriko irahingura kandi iriko irakura neza. Umukono udahinduka ni ikimenyetso c’inzira ihamye.
- Ingorane:Ubwo buryo buragira ico bukoze cane ku bijanye n’ingene igikoresho gikoreshwa kiri (nk’amavuta, ivyuma bipfutse, ivyuma bitera umuriro). Kugira ngo uyikoreshe neza, utegerezwa kuguma ugenzura cane uburyo ibikoresho biza bimeze be n’ingene biteguwe ku ruhande.
Ivyagezwe vy'inganda n'Ibikorwa vyiza
Kumenya neza ubuhinga bwo gupima ni igice c’urugamba gusa. Kugira ngo uce ingingo zigororotse kandi zidahinduka z’uburyo, utegerezwa gukora mu rwego rw’ingingo mfatirwako zemewe z’inganda.
Ivyagezwe vy'inganda
- Ivy'imodoka:Inganda zikurikiza cane ingingo ngenderwako nka AWS D8.1/D8.1M na ISO 18278{3}}2. Igisabwa nyamukuru co guca mu bipande bibiri vy’uburebure bungana-vy’icuma gifise uburemere buke -ni uko bikwiye kuba hagati ya 20% na 80% vy’uburebure bw’igipande kimwe. Ivyo bice bitari munsi ya 20% vyerekana ko hariho ubucuti bugoyagoya, mu gihe ibice birenga 80% bishobora gutera ingorane yo guca mu mfuruka nyinshi canke mbere no guturika, bikaba bishobora gutuma ubutungane bw’ico kintu buhungabana.
- Igariyamoshi n'Ibarabara ry'Igariyamoshi:Urutonde rw’ingingo mfatirwako EN 15085 rushinga ibisabwa bikomeye cane bishingiye ku rugero rw’umutekano (CL1 gushika kuri CL4) rw’ico gice.
- Uguhingura muri rusangi:Ivyiyumviro nka JIS Z 3140 birashobora gukoreshwa. Naho kenshi zidakomeye cane, ziracatanga ibisabwa bitomoye ku bijanye n’ubunini bw’igice c’umubiri.
Impanuro ngirakamaro zo gutuma umuntu akora neza
- Ibikoresho n'Ivyagezwe:Gushira imbere abasudira bafise ugukurikirana kw’imigenderanire. Kumenya neza ko ibikoresho vyose vyo gupima (ibipimo, ibipimo vy’imikorosikope, ibipimo vya UT) bihora bipimwa n’icemezo gishobora gukurikiranywa. Ku bijanye n’igerageza ry’ugusambura, rema uburyo bwo gukoresha busanzwe (SOP) kugira ngo ushireho ibintu bihinduka nk’igihe co gucapura n’ubuhinga bwo gusukura.
- Amakuru-Ingingo zishingiye ku makuru:Gushinga urutonde rw’amakuru y’uburemere kugira ngo haboneke mu buryo bubereye ibisubizo vy’ingero iruhande y’ibipimo vyavyo bihuye (ubu, igihe, inguvu). Koresha ibiharuro vy’Igenzura ry’Imigenderanire y’Imibare (SPC) kugira ngo ukurikirane ugushikama kw’imigenderanire no kumenya isano hagati y’uguhinduka kw’imirongo n’uguhinduka kw’uburyo, utanga amakuru y’agaciro kugira ngo umuntu akomeze gutera imbere.
Iciyumviro
Ingero y’ukuri y’ugushika kw’ivyuma vy’ugusudira ni umushinge w’ugusudira kw’ubudahangarwa kwizigirwa. Ingamba nziza zo kugenzura uburyo ntizishingiye ku buhinga bumwe bw'"isasu ry'ubupfumu" ahubwo zishingiye ku gukorana n'ubwenge kw'ubuhinga bwa NDT bwihuta (nk'ijwi ry'imbere), igerageza ry'ukuri ry'ugusambura (nk'ivyuma), n'ugukurikirana ibikorwa vy'igihe nyaco-.
Mu kwubahiriza ingingo mfatirwako z’inganda no gushirwa mu ngiro uburyo butunganye bwo gucunga amakuru, abahinguzi barashobora gutuma ibintu biguma bimeze neza, bagagabanya ibiciro vy’ibikoresho vya kera, kandi bagashitsa ata gukeka ibisabwa n’inganda zo muri iki gihe, amaherezo bagashobora kuronka inyungu nyinshi mu guhiganwa.
